Gerunds

Ing words Ing words Ing words By Maeve Maddox Like the word sentence structure itself, the syntactic term ing word is regularly referenced with a shiver. In the event that you as of now see about ing words, this post isn't for you. In the event that you’d like to survey the idea, read on. An ing word is a verbal. In the event that you’ve read past posts about present and past participles, you realize that a verbal is one of the chief pieces of the action word that holds some action word works simultaneously it is being utilized as an alternate grammatical form. An ing word is a - ing action word structure utilized as a thing. Like an action word, an ing word can take questions and be adjusted by verb modifiers and verb-modifying phrases, however its capacity in a sentence is to fill in as a nounâ€a thing that closes in - ing. What do things do? Things are utilized as the accompanying pieces of a sentence: 1. Subject 2. Direct Object 3. Subject Complement 4. Object of a Preposition Anything a thing can do, an ing word can doâ€because an ing word is a thing. An ing word is a thing that closes in - ing. Ing words might be utilized alone or as a component of an expression. 1. Ing word as the subject of a sentence Perusing is her preferred side interest. (Perusing is an ing word utilized alone as the subject of the sentence.) Contemplating English has its prizes. (Considering is an ing word that has an immediate article, â€Å"English.† The ing word state capacities as the subject of the action word â€Å"has.†) Picnicking in the forested areas has its drawback. (Picnicking is an ing word changed by a prepositional expression, â€Å"in the woods.† The ing word state is the subject of the action word â€Å"has.†) 2. Ing word as an immediate item My Aunt Rose loves voyaging. (Voyaging is an ing word utilized alone as the immediate object of the action word â€Å"loves.†) Following seven days in the wild, we value dozing inside. (Dozing is an ing word adjusted by the modifier â€Å"inside.† The ing word express is the immediate object of the action word â€Å"appreciate.† Farhad appreciates singing in the shower. (Singing is an ing word changed by a prepositional expression, â€Å"in the shower.† The ing word state is the immediate object of the action word â€Å"enjoys.† 3. Ing word as a subject supplement My cats’ most loved occupation is dozing. (Resting is an ing word that finishes the being action word â€Å"is.† Jack’s every day practice is running laps. (Running is an ing word that has an immediate article, â€Å"laps.† The ing word express finishes the being action word â€Å"is.† Hester’s leisure activity is cultivating on her housetop. (Cultivating is an ing word changed by a prepositional expression, â€Å"on her rooftop.† The ing word state finishes the being action word â€Å"is† and rehashes the subject. 4. Ing word as the object of a relational word His folks rebuffed him for taking. (Taking is an ing word working as the object of the relational word â€Å"for.†) The inquiry party saved the youngster by climbing a precipice. (Climbing is an ing word that has an immediate item, â€Å"cliff.† The ing word state capacities as the object of the relational word â€Å"by.† Falstaff endeavors to escape by covering up in a clothing container. (Stowing away is an ing word that has a prepositional expression, â€Å"in a clothing basket.† The ing word state â€Å"hiding in a clothing basket† is itself the object of a relational word: â€Å"by.†) Need to improve your English shortly a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Grammar 101 classification, check our mainstream posts, or pick a related post below:20 Great Similes from Literature to Inspire You50 Idioms About Meat and Dairy Products13 Theatrical Terms in Popular Usage

Three Gorges Dam Construction Project

Three Gorges Dam Construction Project Segment 1: Goal, Scope and Rationale The Three Gorges Dam is broadly acknowledged as the biggest Dam Construction task to ever occur. The fundamental objective of the venture was to plan and fabricate the greatest hydroelectric dam of the world on the Yangtze River in China, which would be more than 180 meters in tallness and 2.3 km in width. The inspiration driving building the Dam was so as to control the waterways water levels to constrain flooding, and to deliver hydroelectric force. (YangtzeRiver.org) (Power-Technology, 2010) The Dam was planned to raise the water level on one side of the waterway by 100 meters. This would prompt numerous humble communities and structures that were close to the Three Gorges Dam to get overwhelmed. Truth be told, more than one million individuals were to be uprooted so as to develop the Dam. So as to suit the individuals who were dislodged, new towns must be worked so as to move the individuals living close to the Dam to other safe territories. The task likewise included introducing about 28 generators so as to deliver an expected 18 MW of hydroelectric force. (LongPassages.org) An extra 6 force generators are wanted to be introduced so as to build the Dams power creation limit (InternationalRivers.org) The Dam was likewise intended to encourage transport locks, which would be very he lpful so as to permit boats to traverse the dam without meddling with their movement course choices. (LongPassages.org) The Project was given the green light for development to start in 1992 however official development began in 1994. The Project cost was evaluated at $9 billion. The venture was to be financed by a few unique sources including worldwide banks from Switzerland and Canada and different organizations. (InternationalRivers.org) Area 2: Strategy Alignment The Three Gorges Dam was a venture attempted by the Chinese government. As the Chinese government clearly didn't have the assets accessible to build the Dam, for example aptitude, experience and gear, the Chinese government re-appropriated to European and American organizations. Western organizations which were associated with the venture were essentially engaged with providing the force gear and limitations were forced on them. It was settled upon that the assembling of the force hardware, for example, generators and turbines needed to occur in China, in association with nearby organizations. (InternationalRivers.org) In the case of the Three Gorges Dam, which is an administration driven venture, it very well may be unmistakably seen how the task lines up with the legislatures methodology. China is commonly acknowledged as one of the biggest Carbon Dioxide radiating nations on the planet coming in runner up behind the United States and experiences expanding contamination levels noticeable all around. What's more, China is viewed as a blasting economy, with a consistently expanding interest for vitality. So as to have the option to gracefully this expanding request in vitality, without expanding its carbon impression, the Chinese government executed a system of putting resources into clean wellsprings of vitality, for example, hydroelectric force. (DavorH, 2015) Somewhat the Three Gorges Dam lines up with this system as it guaranteed. The Dam would create 18 MW of clean hydroelectric force which would thus decrease Chinas reliance on coal for vitality creation and would diminish Chinas carbon impression. Additionally the Dam would empower the controlling of water levels and consequently flooding. (Feeds, 2013) (YangtzeRiver.org) There were obviously elective approaches to create clean vitality and to diminish Chinas carbon impression, as opposed to building the Three Gorges Dam. A few choices incorporate atomic force, sun powered vitality, Wind vitality or in any event, putting resources into making vitality creation from coal power stations increasingly effective. Every one of these techniques could likewise have diminished Chinas carbon impression. Area 3: Management of Risk With regards to dangers, the Three Gorges Dam can be considered to present many. From dangers to the earth, to money related dangers, to physical dangers, the Three Gorges Dam has them all. I accept that as I would see it the biggest hazard is the physical danger of a significant seismic tremor. Geologists have affirmed that the Dam lies on the convergence of two separation points. This is normally the zone generally inclined to quakes as structural plates slide over one another. It is accepted that despite the fact that the Dam lies in a high hazard region as of now, the huge load of the water applies incredibly high weight on the ground beneath the Dam which can in the end aid the development of a seismic tremor. A few tremors have been recorded close to the Dam since its development which has raised worry over this wonder. (Watson, 2008) It is conceivable that in case of a huge seismic tremor, the Dam might fall. If the Dam would crumple, monstrous measures of water would be abruptly discharged and permitted to travel downstream, just as gigantic pieces from the Dam divider. This could bring about huge scope decimation of property downstream, pulverization of the earth and even mass scale passing since a large number of individuals live downstream of the waterway. The Chinese government has been tended to with these worries from its residents. The Chinese government has said something guaranteeing the open that the biggest scale seismic tremor that is conceivable in that area isn't sufficiently huge to annihilate the Dam. (Adams, 2011) I accept the danger of a seismic tremor decimating the Dam is the most noteworthy hazard to the Three Gorges Dam as it represents a hazard that happens out of nowhere and there is no notice offered before the occasion which would empower designers to evaluate the circumstance. Area 4: Conclusions: Evaluation of Project Success When mulling over what the principle objective of the task was, which was to fabricate the universes biggest Dam and hydroelectric force station, the venture has succeeded. The Three Gorges Dam is presently the biggest Dam on the planet and the biggest hydroelectric force plant on the planet. Then again, there were different viewpoints in which the venture can be considered to have fizzled. The task was meant to cost $9 billion preceding development started, however by 2012 the normal expense had moved up to $37.2 billion. The genuine cost was multiple occasions the assessed cost before the venture had started and this is a significant issue for the activities achievement. With respect to time, the undertaking started development in 1994 and development was finished in 2006. (InternationalRivers.org) Toward the finish of the Dams consummation, an expected 1.4 million paper were determined to have been compelled to migrated elsewhere, an aggregate of 16 urban communities, 140 towns and 1350 towns were lowered in water. (BBC, 2012) Then again, the explanation the Dam was developed was to deliver hydroelectric force so as to diminish the Chinese Governments reliance on coal, and to control flooding. With respect to control creation, in 2012, the Dams power creation limit was 22.5 Gigawatts, which is equivalent to an extraordinary 11% of Chinas hydroelectric force creation limit. The way that a solitary Dam adds up to 11% of the nations hydroelectric force creation limit can be considered as an accomplishment thusly. With respect to flooding control, Chinese authorities have expressed that the Dam is an answer for the issue of flooding. (BBC, 2012) In my supposition, I think about the entire undertaking to have been a triumph, as it has expanded Chinas hydroelectric force creation limit by a huge sum just as take into consideration the controlling of life taking floods. Despite the fact that the venture cost unmistakably more than assessed, and has made issues for certain individuals I accept that a definitive ob jective of expanding Chinas hydroelectric force creation limit just as taking into consideration the controlling of flooding was accomplished and consequently the undertaking can be viewed as a triumph. Referencesâ Adams, P. (2011) Chinese investigation uncovers Three crevasses dam activated 3, 000 quakes, various avalanches. Accessible at: https://journal.probeinternational.org/2011/06/01/chinese-study-uncovers three-gorges-dam-activated 3000-tremors various avalanches/(Accessed: 5 December 2016). BBC (2012) Chinas Three canyons dam arrives at working pinnacle. Accessible at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-18718406 (Accessed: 5 December 2016). DavorH (2015) China hydropower as the correct arrangement? Accessible at: http://www.our-energy.com/china_hydropower_as_the_right_solution.html (Accessed: 5 December 2016). Roughages, J. (2013) THREE GORGES DAM: BENIFITS, PROBLEMS AND COSTS. Accessible at: http://factsanddetails.com/china/cat13/sub85/item1046.html (Accessed: 5 December 2016). InternationalRivers.org Available at: https://www.internationalrivers.org/destinations/default/documents/joined records/3gorgesfactsheet_feb2012_web.pdf (Accessed: 5 December 2016). LongPassages.org Available at: http://www.longpassages.org/3_gorges_dam.htm (Accessed: 5 December 2016). Force Technology (2010) Available at: http://www.power-technology.com/ventures/gorges/(Accessed: 5 December 2016). Watson, S. (2008) Why could chinas Three chasms dam cause an ecological disaster?Available at: http://science.howstuffworks.com/natural/green-science/three-gorges-dam-disaster1.htm (Accessed: 5 December 2016). YangtzeRiver.org Available at: http://www.yangtzeriver.org/threegorges_dam/why-assembled three-gorges-dam.htm (Accessed: 5 December 2016).

Essay Topics For Grade 8

Essay Topics For Grade 8Good essay topics for grade 8 should be original and well structured. It's important to remember that essays need to be well written and can't just be a rehash of information that you've learned somewhere else. If your students haven't learned something, it's not necessarily their fault, but if they have learned it, then you will need to use it in the essay and expand on it to make it a new and original thought.One thing to keep in mind is that it doesn't matter how simple or basic the basics are. You will need to come up with ideas that aren't widely known or talked about, because as you know, being too general can be hard to follow up on. If your topic is well thought out and well organized, it will be easier to follow along with and will help your students learn.Good essay topics for grade 8 can be found all over the place and it's not difficult to write your own essay. Try looking at other students work, do some research, or even ask around to see what oth er students are doing. By doing this, you can get an idea of what is popular in the classroom and which topics are usually used.The most popular topic for a first year is math. Students love math because it is easy to understand and because they can relate to it. What students love most about this topic is that there is no subject so easy to understand and they can easily relate to it. They also love math for its ease in learning and the fact that it is the backbone of all science and the future.Speaking of the future, good essay topics for grade 8 will focus on how science is responsible for that and how science is the foundation of society. Science is responsible for all problems in our society, even if they may seem a little bit more abstract. Students can relate to this topic, because we all see situations in our lives where things are hard to understand or hard to relate to. It's all a part of the world we live in and sometimes science comes in handy in that regard.Another good topic is algebra. It's pretty obvious why this is a popular topic for first years. Algebra is easy to understand and there is no subject so well understood that we don't need to be able to relate to it. No matter what you are looking for, algebra will always be a solid choice.Just because students love science doesn't mean that they will love to read a good topic for grade 8. This topic isn't about the environment so much as it is about the human condition. The topic can be anything from good study habits to what makes a good relationship.Remember that essay topics for grade 8 are up to you. There is no one best topic that will work for everyone. You will need to find the topic that your students love and find something that is related to it. Whatever topic you choose, just make sure that it's original and makes sense.

Stakeholder Theory Impact and Prospects

Question: Mr. Howe, the lesser accomplice of the CPA firm Dewey, Cheatem Howe has requested that you assist him with understanding Stakeholder hypothesis. Required: Write a 1 page update that sums up how Stakeholder Theory has impacted Positive Accounting Theory and what suggestions that impact has for GPFR. Answer: As an individual from my organization you, Dewey, Cheatem Howe, requested that I remark on that what is the partner hypothesis and how it has affected positive bookkeeping hypothesis and its effect on the GPFR. It is my obligation that Dewey, Cheatem Howe ought to comprehend the significance of partner of an organization and the technique. Partner approach takes a gander at the connection between an association and others in general business condition. It likewise assists with giving about the effect on the Association effect and how the association leads its exercises. The regular connection between different hypothetical points of view about partners is partner. Positive bookkeeping hypothesis is impacted by partner since dynamic incorporates different associations that give basic effect on firms, and a suitable logical methodology must be taken by the power to upgrade dynamic procedure of a specific report. There are some various methodologies and dynamic procedure is embraced by the organizations because of expanded individuals are includes and they are from various foundation and mix of entire framework assists with building a positive connection between the person as related with the specific firm. The administration office assumes a huge job in the advancement of different basic techniques and approaches from alternate points of view to synchronize both positive and regularizing contemplations into their dynamic. Broadly useful Financial Reports proposed to give data to satisfy the needs of outer clients who can't repeat the arrangement of the extraordinary report to meet their specific data needs. The down to earth ramifications of the hypothesis considers the common discussion over ideal bookkeeping valuation technique. Partner hypothesis and positive bookkeeping hypothesis give basic effect on the general hypothesis of bookkeeping. The recorded expense and reasonable worth estimation was a troublesome errand, and it is executed through a normalized framework imagined from the essential hypothesis. In this specific case, polarities in bookkeeping, for example, between the pertinence and responsibility are generously reconcilable. The advancement of the general hypothesis is opportune as such a referent hypothesis is important to legitimize gauges setting and secure bookkeeping place in an inexorably different monetary data advertise. The case has been made for present and potential speculator as the sole real clients of GPFR .this case takes a gander at the focal capacity of money related bookkeeping and detailing in its condition, relating that condition to the target capacity of GPFR .This view accommodates the financial specialist 's specific utility society and is thus unreeling on sui generis saying more requesting than the reflection society. Opponent GPFR client inquirers is shown to hold no authentic case to thought corresponding to the outer organization money related revealing that explicitly targets bunches without the capacity to determine or remark that data. Proffered reasons incorporate the capacity to require indicated organization money related data no authentic reason for that data, the adequacy of speculator focused on data and in term of their prevention from client status. To this we may include that as the proprietors of the announcing element, financial specialists pay for the arrangement of data (GPFR), building up a default suspicion of confinement of such data to speculators except if motivations to finish up in any case exist. References Mitchell, R. (2012). Book Review: Stakeholder Theory: Impact and Prospects.Organization Studies,33(10), 1407-1411. doi:10.1177/0170840612454490 Tse, T. (2011). Investor and partner hypothesis: after the monetary crisis.Qualitative Research In Financial Markets,3(1), 51-63. doi:10.1108/17554171111124612 Phillips, R. (2003).Stakeholder Theory and Organizational Ethics. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Phillips, R. (2011).Stakeholder hypothesis. Cheltenham [u.a.]: Elgar.

Citation of Error Analysis Essay

html http://www. accentsasia. organization/1-2/kato. pdf . G o g l e html . Page 1 Volume 1 Number 2 October 2006 Accents Asia 1 Citation Kato, A. (2006). Blunder examination of secondary school understudy articles. Accents Asia [Online], 1 (2), 1-13. Accessible: http://www. accentsasia. organization/1-2/kato. pdf Error Analysis of High School Student Essays Asako Kato Fudooka Seiwa High School IntroductionEver since the presentation of oral correspondence into the school educational program in 1989, talking has drawn consideration as a significant expertise for Japanese understudies to ace. An assortment of talking and listening rehearses have been tested inside secondary school English classes. Composing has likewise been incorporated as a broad practice. The 2003 modification of the Course of Study underlines â€Å"writing† as a vehicle of correspondence to pass on messages as per the reason and the circumstance (MEXT, 2003).However, in a considerable lot of the college pla cement test situated secondary schools, composing classes are adjusted into syntax focused classes; as such, the understudies are acquainted with composing short sentences dependent on the structures or the punctuation focuses they are educated, and odds of composing powerful expositions are constrained (Minegishi, 2005). The facts demonstrate that sentence structure preparing is required for exact creation, however it is a test to instruct how to compose articles or even sections inside the accessible study hall hours, with the exemption maybe of some unknown dialect elective courses in select high schools.Under these conditions, the English Composition Division of the Saitama Senior High School English Education and Research Association has composing challenges, to urge understudies to test their English information and to improve their creation abilities through composition. The challenge comprises of two areas: an interpretation segment and a paper composing Page 2 Volume 1 Numb er 2 October 2006 Accents Asia 2 segment. In the exposition segment the members are given subjects and expected to compose their conclusions in around 200 words. They have 80 minutes to deal with interpretation and paper writing.The interpretation sentences are allocated by level, yet the exposition subject is the equivalent for all. The interpretation part is stamped and reviewed by Japanese educators; the articles are assessed by ALTs (Assistant Language Teachers) as indicated by three models: inventiveness, association and sentence structure. The victors are picked relying upon the all out purposes of the two segments. In this paper, I will reveal some insight into the papers and investigate them with a view towards distinguishing issues understudies have, which will give proof of how English is found out and what techniques understudies are utilizing to develop their essays.The essential focal point of this paper is on punctuation recorded as a hard copy not imagination and asso ciation, yet some instructive recommendations for educating and learning are likewise referenced. Techniques The information broke down for this examination are mistakes in students’ articles written in a paper rivalry held in Saitama Prefecture, Japan. In this challenge, the members were given the theme, â€Å"If you were to meet a big name, who might you want to meet? What might you want to ask him/her? What might you want to do with him/her? The mistakes in the papers were classified dependent on Ferris’ (2005) Analysis Model (Fig. 1). Her â€Å"Common ESL composing errors† fall into four classifications; morphological mistakes, lexical blunders, syntactic mistakes, and mechanical mistakes. This model depends on the â€Å"Description of the significant blunder categories† (Fig. 2), which covers action word mistakes, thing finishing blunders, article mistakes, word wrong, and sentence structure (p. 92). As per James (1998), a mistake examination model must be â€Å"well-grown, exceptionally explained, and self-explanatory† (p. 95). Ferris’ model satisfies these needs.With this framework it is anything but difficult to recognize worldwide and neighborhood blunders (Burt and Kiparsky, 1972, refered to in James, 1998) which I added to Ferris’ model of significant mistakes in Figure 1. Worldwide blunders are significant blunders in sentence structure, which makes a sentence troublesome or difficult to comprehend, though nearby blunders are minor slip-ups, which don't cause issues of cognizance. In Ferris’ characterization, syntactic mistakes are viewed as worldwide blunders. Mechanical and lexical missteps, then again, are neighborhood blunders. Morphological blunders can be worldwide mistakes, Page 3Volume 1 Number 2 October 2006 Accents Asia 3 however when they don't obstruct readers’ comprehension of the substance they are neighborhood mistakes. Figure 1 Common ESL Writing Errors dependent on Fer ris’(2005) Model Morphological Errors > worldwide/nearby blunders Verbs: Tense, From, Subject-action word understanding Nouns: Articles/determiners, Noun endings (plural/possessive) Lexical Errors > neighborhood mistakes Word decision, Word structure, Informal use, Idiom blunder, Pronoun mistake Syntactic Errors > worldwide mistakes Sentence structure, Run-ons, Fragments Mechanical > nearby errorsPunctuation, Spelling, Capitalization* * â€Å"Capitalization† is included this examination. Figure 2 Description of significant mistake classifications (Ferris, 2005) Verb blunders All mistakes in action word tense or structure, including pertinent subject-action word understanding mistakes. Thing finishing blunders Plural or dynamic consummation off base, excluded, or pointless; incorporates pertinent subject-action word understanding mistakes Article blunders Article or other determiner off base, discarded, or superfluous Word wrong All particular lexical mistak es in word decision or word structure, including relational word and pronoun errors.Spelling blunders possibly included if the (evident) incorrect spelling brought about a real English word. Sentence structure Errors in sentence/condition boundaries(run-ons, parts, comma joins), word request, discarded words or expressions, superfluous words or expressions; other unidiomatic sentence development. Members The papers broke down for this examination were composed by 148 secondary school understudies: 46 first year understudies, 58 second year understudies, and 44 third year understudies; 48 guys and 100 females. The participants’ secondary schools comprised of twenty government funded schools and two private schools.Most of these Page 4 Volume 1 Number 2 October 2006 Accents Asia 4 schools are considered â€Å"academic† secondary schools in that they plan understudies for college tests, which implies the understudies will in general be profoundly energetic and are require d to have the option to use their English syntax, structure information and jargon recorded as a hard copy. Methodology All mistakes were stamped and characterized. They were first ordered into worldwide blunders or nearby mistakes. The action word related blunders were considered as â€Å"verb errors†, along these lines, they were viewed as morphological errors.However, disarray in the utilization of transitive/intransitive action words was viewed as a worldwide syntactic mistake since it influences the entire sentence structure. Likewise, tense blunders were foreseen in light of the fact that the article point â€Å"If you were to meet a celebrity†¦? † probably requires the utilization of the restrictive. For whatever length of time that the mistakes didn't meddle with the comprehension of the sentence, they were placed into tense blunders, I. e. , morphological blunders. It was now and again hard to adhere to a meaningful boundary between lexical blunders and m echanical blunders; that is, regardless of whether the word is an off-base decision or essentially a spelling mistake.If the word had a different importance however exists as a word, at that point it was treated as lexical mistake; else, it was set apart as a mechanical blunder. Be that as it may, if a wrong word decision upsets the significance in the entire sentence, it was viewed as a syntactic mistake. To put it plainly, the choice of blunder grouping relies upon each sentence. With respect to rehashed mechanical blunders in a similar sentence, I. e. , spelling mix-ups, accentuation, and capitalization, the numerous errors were considered one. Discoveries and Discussion First of all, not all mistakes were effortlessly sorted: some went past and over the categories.In each case, blunders were painstakingly distinguished and ordered by the earnestness of the issue. In the event that one significant mistake included other minor blunders, at that point together they were viewed as a significant mistake. For instance, a sentence â€Å"*And, I need to *go to abroad, for example, the UK, the US, *French, *Australlia thus on† was arranged as one syntactic mistake in light of the fact that the abuse of action word and verb modifier (go to abroad) causes sentence dispersion, despite the fact that this sentence included one lexical blunder Page 5 Volume 1 Number 2 October 2006 Accents Asia 5 (French) and one mechanical mistake (Australlia).Secondly, a risk with arrangements of â€Å"common† ESL/EFL mistakes, as Ferris (2005) herself brings up, is that they might be over-summed up to all understudies. Obviously, singular understudies have distinctive language abilities and learning characteristics; for instance, one understudy continually precluded articles and another understudy befuddled tense of action words all through her exposition. In spite of the fact that the measurements give a general image of the issues, these don't make a difference to each understudy. While remembering these contemplations, the insights give fascinating information.The all out number of mistakes was 1518 (596 out of 46 first year papers, 491 out of 58 second year articles, and 431 of every 44 third year exposition). The normal number of blunders per understudy was 13. 5 for the principal year understudies, 11. 2 for the second year understudies, and 9. 8 for the third year understudies. Thinking about the short length of the paper, these were not little numbers, in spite of the fact that the normal number of mistakes diminished by the students’ year in school. As an aggregate, syntactic mistakes overwhelmed the rest at 29%, trailed by lexical blunders (21%), morphological mistakes in things and mechanical blunders (18%), and morphological blunders (14%).According to the school year, the most widely recognized mistakes saw in first year articles were lexical mistakes, which involved 24% of the aggregate, while syntactic mistakes contained most b lunders in second an

Life in Lagos Ignorance or Reality - Literature Essay Samples

â€Å"A skeleton in the closet† is a phrase commonly used in reference to old secrets that, if revealed, may bring shame upon those involved. Often times, people will ignore the closet all together, by acknowledging its existence but never revealing the contents in its depthsthough no matter how tightly you pack these skeletons, a point of exposure is imminent. In Chris Abani’s Graceland, society in Lagos, Africa becomes a perfect parallel to this idiom, with people disregarding the detrimental state of the city as a way of coping with their personal fears and worries. But as violence and illegal activity in the community grows, as well as government corruption becoming more brutal, Lagos’ closet door begins to tremble. The characters Elvis and his friend Redemption seek any way of thriving in the dilapidated citywith very different perspectives on how to go about it. A conversation (end of Chapter 13) between Elvis and Redemption discusses a shady job offered by drug dealers; a close reading of this scene reveals their society’s convoluted philosophy of having only two options available when making decisions: ignorance or a disappointing reality. Elvis’ questioning of the deep-set ideology of accepted secrecy in Lagos only lessens his chances of ever uncovering the secrets Redemption and other Lagosians defend. Elvis’ contempt toward secrets differ from Redemption’s acceptance and promotion of them. Redemption has proposed to Elvis the opportunity to partake in a sketchy job offered by the Colonel and the army, who the boys have worked for before, but never directly dealt with for a job. With Elvis becoming more desperate to earn money for himself, he begins to consider the offer. In the midst of their conversation, Redemption says â€Å"It is better we are all blind, because in de land of de blind, de one eyed man is mad.† Redemption’s statement not only insinuates that unawareness is beneficial, but that knowledge and exposure to reality is dangerous. The truth will not set you free, but will limit you in what you can and can’t do; in this case, Redemption is proven correct when Elv is is dubious of taking the job because of the lack of information given to him. Redemption himself does not know the reality of what the â€Å"escort† job entails, and he prefers this, so that he can continue to believe that by maintaining the tradition of ignorance, the acceptance of reality will be easier. Elvis’ questioning of the job prevents him from learning the truth because of this mentality Redemption and other Lagosians have of viewing circumstances with a â€Å"blind eye†, rather than evaluating situations for what they truly are, giving them ability to fall back on phrases like â€Å"life is tough† and â€Å"it is what it is† when things go wrong. Earlier in the novel, Elvis again questions Redemption how the drug dealers know to trust them with such precious (expensive!) cargo, and Redemption responds with â€Å"Don’t even joke about dis. Dese people, they can kill you like disdey know I know what will happen if I cheat themâ €  (102). Redemption has full awareness of the consequences that may result from the situations he is involved with; he ignores them regardless, perhaps because of the fear of admitting the possibility of a messy truth out loud, causing disruption to the bliss of ignorance. The ideology that the submission to ignorance is the key to success in Lagos is easily accepted by Redemption and many of the characters in Graceland, leaving Elvis confused and forced to turn to The King of the Beggars as a beacon of exposing the truth. Elvis reveals to Redemption that he has been looking to the King, the old neighborhood beggar, as a mentor for advice. The King becomes a person in Elvis’ life who attempts to steer him away from the life of crime and â€Å"dishonesty† (109) that he is currently involved in with Redemption. Though the King’s advice â€Å"when a car hits a dog, its puppy is never far behind† (110) is seemingly helpful, and a clear warning to Elvis of the implications and reality of what dealing with Redemption may look like, it contradicts the King’s refusal to tell Elvis the truth about his past earlier in the conversation. He is willing to expose the truths of others but not of himself; this causes the King to beco me a conflicting image of Truth. He fails to practice what he preaches to Elvis, most likely because of his personal intentions to get revenge on the Colonel for the brutal murder of his family. It would seem logical to reveal this past to Elvis, because it would explain and support his cause against exposing the reality of violence in Lagos and the secrecy surrounding it, but this reveal would also be suspicious to Elvis, since the Colonel is who Elvis and Redemption are working for. Is the King trying to enlighten Elvis and distance him from the violence in their society, or is he merely trying to minimize the support Elvis is providing for the Colonel? The idea of insecurity in trusting the King is supported when Redemption responds to Elvis’ admittance to confiding in the King, accusing Elvis of being â€Å"a small blind boy† to the truths about â€Å"[Him]. De King. Lagos. Life.† Elvis’ relationship with the King arouses anger and criticism from Redemption, painting Elvis to be immature. Aside from calling him a physically insignificant (â€Å"small†), naive (â€Å"blind†), child (â€Å"boy†), Redemption tells Elvis that he will one day grow up and learn to see the world as it truly is. Redemption’s application of a negative connotation to being â€Å"blind† is a complete contradiction to the earlier half of him and Elvis’ conversation: when he is insisting that it is best to not have full disclosure of the purpose/ intentions of the escort job. Redemption follows up this insult to Elvis by, ironically, refusing to aid him in learning about the details of himself, the King, Lagos or life. Redemption has proven himself to be someone who does not know everything about different situations in life, and he does this at his own discretion. This characteristic he has implies that he does not think awareness of contex t, as Elvis requests, makes you a man, but it is the awareness of how to properly handle being dealt life’s cards with no context, that makes you a man. Because so much of Lagos is kept in secret, or is said in unspoken words, Redemption expects Elvis to conform to this social norm, as everyone does when faced with approaching adulthood. Though Adani portrays him to be of a mysterious naturea possibility for his riskiness and acceptance of the unknownRedemption’s confusing rejection of reality stems from the majority of society in Lagos and their sense of lacking the ability to control their own lives. It is shown in the scene where Elvis is crossing a busy highway, (37-9) only to remember that dozens of people every day are murdered on the highway, and it could be avoided by crossing the multiple bridges built above. When he inquires to the man next to him about why everyone chooses to risk their lives rather than â€Å"even the odds a little† by crossing the bridges, he is given the response â€Å"Life in Lagos is a gamble. We all have to die sometimes you know, if it is your time, it is your time.† The undermining of the worthiness of a person’s life is evident in Lagos’ society, and they yet again have found a way to blame â€Å"life† (in this case â€Å"time†) rat her than initiate change themselves. Their submission to these situations sparks an interesting inference that concludes the state of Lagos (one that is corrupt, poor, deteriorating, and the site where many, like Elvis’ father, Sunday, have been forced to move to from their original rural towns) to be one of many roots that caused this idea among people, allowing them to believe that they lack control over their own lives. Even when crossing the street they are greeted by soldiers who are intended to protect them from the busy highway. However, these soldiers can not be trusted either. A violent encounter Elvis has with a soldier in a nightclub (113-17), over an accidental stumble, nearly gets him killed. The soldier’s clear motive, to gain respect through violence and fear, allows one to pose the question: If a soldier can not be trusted with a person’s life during a clear misunderstanding, how can he be trusted with a person’s life when crossing a dange rous highway? This can be connected back to Lagos’ lack of control of their paths in life. Their society is built on a mistrusting and forceful government/army, who controls them physically, and systematicallythus leading to the deeply ingrained notion that regardless of the trials and tribulations, their fate, their choices, and their lives are out of their control. For that reason, they live their lives making choices by disregarding the difference between their ignorance of a situation and reality. There are two kinds of people in Lagos: those who are ignorant of the violence and corruption in the city, thus following the ‘out-of-sight-out-of-mind’ theory, and those who are so aware of the realities of the goings-on in society that they are fully immersed in the violence and corruption. Lagos’ society has been split into these two groups because of humanity’s conflicting innate responses to be curious, yet to shield oneself from danger. The temptation to know the truth, as Elvis does throughout the novel, stems from the ongoing secrecy that occurs in the citywhich ironically, everyone knows about! There is an unspoken code of secrecy among people as a way of coping with the harsh realities of people dying, killing, abusing innocents, or other violent truths that would distract one from being able to live on in peace. Life in Lagos is already held at a low level of value, and exposure to more reasons to not live would create more chaos than what alread y exists in Lagos. Thus, a coping mechanism is created, and for Lagosians it is called ignorancepurposely ignoring and not gaining new knowledge about the state of Lagos and the actions of people that live there. The larger theme of Graceland is Elvis’ maturation and his struggle to identify himself as a man. The concept of having to choose between only two cut-throat perspectives in life is the root of Elvis’ difficulty to find out who he is as a person, and the role he wants (needs?) to play in society.

Frameworks of study and variables in the economy - Free Essay Example

Hypothesis Development The importance of corporate governance for Asian countries was emerged in1997 when a financial crisis in Japan was expanded to the countries in Asia pacific region (Sueyoshi, Goto, and Yusuke, 2009). Since many researches were conducted to explore the relationship between corporate governance and company performance in Asia along with the USA. However, as mentioned before, one of the most important issues in corporate governance discussion is agency problem (Shakir, 2006) and it means when ownership and management team are separately from each other, agency problem will show its effects. This situation was explored in Zhuang, Edwards, and Capulong study (2001). They tried to find the effect of monitor managers and to implement control; therefore managers act in the best interest of companies owners (shareholders). According to Dalton, Daily, Ellstrand and Johnson (1998) agency problem is the most identified theoretical perspective which is explored in corporate governance studies. However, according to Bebczuk (2005), corporate governance can affect companies performance because of agency problem which is a result of an inconsistency of interest between shareholders and management. Hence, Bebczuk (2005) study went through the Argentinas companies to explore the role of corporate governance and its effects on corporate performance. Some of other researchers who worked on this relationship were Chen (2005) in Taiwan, and Che Haat et al. (2008) in Malaysia. Therefore, based on the priors study, the first hypothesis for this study can be developed as bellow: There is a significant relationship between corporate governance and performance of the Malaysian listed companies. In term of capital structure there are few studies not only in Malaysia, but also elsewhere that their purpose is to explore the corporate governance and capital structure. As a recent effort, Saad (2010) explored the commitments level of Malaysian listed companies to code of corporate governance in Malaysia; then, the effects of these commitments on the capital structure was examined. Existing the relationship between corporate governance and the capital structure was proved in Saad (2010) study. Priors to Saad (2010) study, Bhagat and Bolton found relationship between corporate governance and capital structure between companies in the USA. Following the previous studies, in this study the second hypothesis is defined as bellow. There is a significant relationship between corporate governance and capital structure of Malaysian listed companies. Sample Selection To achieve the best results, the companies listed in Bursa Malaysia were selected to find their level of commitments to the corporate governance code in Malaysia, and the effects of these commitments on their performance and the capital structure decisions. Secondary data will be used in this research and Bursa Malaysia website and companies annual reports can be sources of data for this research. This research will choose listed companies randomly from main and second board of Bursa Malaysia and financial firms and banks will be excluded as they have different natures and policies. Data Collection Different authors have different opinions and offer different guidelines for the appropriate number of sample size in multiple regression. Stevens (1996, p.72) says that for a social science research, about fifteen samples for each independent variable should be used to achieve a reliable equation (Pallant, 2005, p. 142). Hence, based on Stevens opinion, as this research has 3 independent variables, 45 samples can be enough for this research. Elsewhere, Tabachnick and Fidell (2001, p. 117) recommend a formula for sample size calculation and state that number of samples should be more than 50 + 8 * IV (where IV is number of independent variables). Therefore, 50 + 8 * 3 = 74 samples are enough for this research. However, this research employs G*Power 3.0.10 to calculate the sample size and according to the results of this software, as this research has three predictors including one independent variable and two control variables and the study will use Multiple Regression from F-Tests g roup, to achieve the desired results with error probability = 0.05, Power (1- error probability) = 0.95, Effect size = 0.2, sample size will be 90 and with this sample size, the actual power will be 0.950306. The output is shown in the following table. Effect size 0.2 Noncentrality Parameter 18 error probability 0.05 Critical F 2.710647 Power (1- error probability) 0.95 Numerator df 3 Number of Predictors 3 Denominator df 86 Total Sample Size 90 Actual Power 0.950306 Table3.5: G*Power results In figure 3.1 Total Sample size is drawn as a function of Power of the test and as shown with 90 sample size, power of the test reaches to 0.95 which is the desired amount for this research. Figure 3.2 draws as a function of total sample size and as shown, = 0.05 achieves with 90 sample size. Furthermore, the following figure (Fig 3.3) draws both of and power as functions of total sample size and as shown they crosses each other with 90 sample size. Therefore, the sample size of this research will be 90 companies that will be chosen from Bursa Malaysia website randomly. Measurement of Variables Independent Variables Researchers apply a conduct test to investigate effect and cause connections; it means that they arrange an experiment in order that changes to one entry lead to something else to differ in an unsurprising method. These modifies in quantities called variable. Term of variable can refer to any trait, factor, or condition that can be in various amount or types. The independent variable is the one that is varied by researchers in order to have a fair test or a good experiment. As shown in the figure 3.1 the corporate governance is the independent variable in this study. Corporate Governance: Although this variable is used in all previous studies with corporate governance base, all these studies used different methods to measure corporate governance such as Gov-Score (Brown and Caylor, 2004), GMI (Bhgat and Bolton, 2008), etc as mentioned in the literature review chapter. This research adopts Bebczuk (2005) method to measure corporate governance practices in the firms. Hence, Transparency and Disclosure Index (TDI) is used as an index to measure the corporate governance. In line with Bebczuk (2005) study the structure of TDI are demonstrated based on table 3.1. The TDI is used, in order to determine the strength of firms corporate governance. TDI is relied on public information of firms on their annual reports, and reveals the standard of transparency and disclosure in a corporation. TDI includes 25 binary items which can discover a wide range of corporate governance issues. The binary will be equal one if a firm acts based on the code of corporate governance, in contrary, it will be zero. The TDI are divided into three sub-indices. They are Board, Disclosure, and Shareholders. Board is measured the structure, progresses, and compensation of the board and top management members. Disclosure is measured to what extend the firm annual reports release corporate facts to the external shareholders. Shareholders is measured the superiority and value of data and information in related to alternative shareholders. To understand the TDI and its aspects, the study provides operational definitions of TDI items. Table 3.1 presents these operational definitions. Table 3.1: TDI items explanation Manager and director fees Usually firms publish only total amount of their managers and directors fees and knowing of each directors fee is not possible. However, the best corporate governance practices is publishing each director and managers fee separately. Hence, the value of this item for a firm will be one if the firm publishes the exact amount of its managers and directors fee. The information related to this item usually can be found in remuneration part of the annual report. Form of manager and director fee payment Each company pays its managers and directors by many ways and the best corporate governance practice is disclosing all payment forms that the company considers. For instance, it includes basic salary, fees, bonus gratuity, fees subsidiaries, allowance, employers EPF, Benefits in kind, stock options, stock. As a matter of fact, some companies divide the payment forms only in few categories and shareholders and investors do not know the details. Hence, the value of this item will be one if the company publishes all form of payments to managers and directors, otherwise, it will be zero. This information usually can be found in the remuneration part of annual reports or in financial statements. Information on whether manager and director fees are performance-based Performance-based fees can be a method to decrease agency costs and the companies that want to follow the best corporate governance practices publish this information and mention whether their manager and directors fees are tied to their performance or not. This information can be found in directors remuneration part of annual report. Bio of main company officers/ Bio of directors These items disclose vary information about board. Age, race, education, years commitments with firm, information about directors in board. Financial Indicator for last five years Some of companies publish details of their last five years financial information and some companies only publish some of key financial indicators. Others do not give any information about their past financial statements in the current annual reports. Calendar of future events The lack of information about future events of companies will be disclosed through this item. If the company publishes the calendar of its future events this item will be one, otherwise zero. English-translated corporate website If the company has English-translated corporate website this item will be one and if it provides the information only in Malay or Chinese language it will be zero. Strategic plan and projections for the following years In todays competitive world, all companies must have details strategies and plans for future and usually they publish a brief of them in outlook and prospects parts of the annual reports. Some companies only gives a short review of the future economy and some publish detailed information about their companies strategies to encompass with the future challenges and use opportunities. Details on the appointment process of new directors Some of companies publish this information in a separate part which is titled Appointment procedure and some only mention a few lines in the nomination part of the annual report. Unfortunately, some of the firms dont publish anything related to this item. Therefore, this item for companies that follow the best corporate governance practice will be one, otherwise zero. Details on attendance of minority and controlling shareholders at shareholders meetings If the company keeps and publishes information related to minority and controlling shareholders in Annual general Meeting this item will be one; otherwise, it will be zero. Report of the external auditor Based on regulations all companies should put their auditors report in Annual Report. Therefore, it is expected that all firms get one for this item in Malaysia. Details of corporate ownership (principal shareholders) According to the listing requirement for Malaysian corporations, they should expose data and information associated to their shares and major shareholders. Malaysian companies respect to this law and it is expected that all companies that have been listed on Bursa Malaysia get one for this item. Type and amount of outstanding shares According to the listing requirement for Malaysian corporations, they should expose data and information associated to their shares and major shareholders. Malaysian companies follow these regulations. Hence, it is expected that all companies that are listed on Bursa Malaysia get one for this item. Dividend policy in the past five years If a company publishes its gross dividend, net dividend, or dividend per share for the past five years in its current annual report, this item will be one; otherwise zero. Projected dividend policy for the following years The information of this item can be found in Dividend part and some of companies reveal the following years dividend policy in the current annual report. As a matter of fact, informative more data about dividend policy can lead to raise investors confidence and convince them for more investment. Dependent Variables Researchers will focus on dependent variable in order to observe how this variable reaction to the change made to the independent variable. The value of dependent variable is the result of independent variable, and depends on independent variable too. Performance and capital structure are dependant variables in this study. It means this study will examine the effect of the independent variable, as mentioned above; on the performance and capital structure. Performance In order to measure the performance of firms, this study adapts measure used by Wei et al. (2000), Bebczuk (2005), and Bhagat and Bolton (2008). Performance is measured using different proxies as stated bellow: Return on Assets Bhagat and Bolton (2008), Wei et al. (2000), Aman and Nguyen (2008), Bebczuk (2005) Tobins Q Aman and Nguyen (2008) Return on Sales Bebczuk (2005) Wei et al. (2000) Return on Equity Bebczuk (2005) Table 3.2: performance In order to clarification each item, a briefly explanation is necessary as bellow: Return on assets: net income/ total assets Return on assets (ROA): Earnings before interest and taxes to total assets. Return on sales (ROS): Earnings before interest and taxes to sales. Return on equity (ROE): Earnings before interest and taxes to total equity. Tobins Q: The market value of a firms asset divided by the book value of its assets. Capital Structure Capital structure is measured by using the ratio of debt to assets. This measure is used by prior studies as Bebczuk (2005) and Bhagat and Bolton (2008). Debt to Asset Bebczuk (2005), Bhagat and Bolton (2008) Table 3.3: capital Structure Control variables To increase the reliability of the findings, the study considers firm size and firm growth as control variables. Although it is believed that size may create negative influence in a condition that size is related with the prostration of growth occasions, it defiantly have a positive effect on every occasion that size is associated with more diversification, superior economies of scale and scope, more management, and less rigorous financial restraints. Moreover, sales growth is a proxy for the product demand faced by the firm and its productivity. The firm size is measured as total assets ( logarithm of total assets ) as measured by Bebczuk (2005) and Chen (2004). Firm growth, on the other hand, is measured by a percentage of sales growth (Chen, 2004; Bebczuk,2005). Size Ln(assets) Logarithm of the companys total assets Growth Sales Growth Percentage sales growth Table 3.4: Control Variables Data Analysis Techniques This study employs Statistical Program for Social Science (SPSS) 18.0 for analyzing the data. After data collection and entering data into SPSS data sheet, two types of analyses are used to achieve the goals of the study. First, descriptive analysis is used for each variable. For instance, each item of TDI index which is the independent variable will be studied in details and by a descriptive analysis, the study wants to know how many percent of companies in Malaysian stock exchange market follow the best corporate governance practices. The result of this part will be a good guideline for firms that want to improve their corporate governance practices and also they can compare themselves with other companies and the mean of the market as well. Moreover, descriptive analysis is employed for dependent and control variables and the mean, standard deviation, frequency, and percentage of frequency of sectors, industries, size of firms, sales, and etc. of each company is achieved. In the second step of the analysis, the study tries to test the hypotheses of the research. For the first hypothesis which is finding the effect of corporate governance practices on the firms performance, three analyses are used which are correlation, ANOVA, and Multiple Regression. The aim of correlation analysis is to know there is any significant positive relationship between corporate governance practices and firms performance and then by ANOVA, the study wants to know whether this independent variable could use to predict the dependent variable or not. And finally, by regression analysis, an equation will be achieved and by R-square and coefficients, the results can be interpreted in details. The same analyses are used for the second hypothesis as well which is to study corporate governance practices can affect capital structure policies significantly or not. Therefore, again by correlation, ANOVA, and regression analysis this hypothesis will be tested.